Let's dive deeper into the latest economic numbers.
Why is Canada's inflation higher in December 2025?
In Canada's latest CPI (Consumer Price Index) report, headline inflation in December unexpectedly rose to 2.4% from 2.2%, apparently due to base-year effects from last year's GST holiday (spanning from mid-December 2024 to mid-February 2025), which reduced prices relative to this year.
The increase is despite gas prices dropping by almost 14% month over month, thanks to a global oversupply of crude oil. It's noteworthy, however, that overall grocery prices rose again by 5.0%, driven by a 30% increase in coffee prices and a 16% rise in beef prices.
Stripping out the volatile energy component, the remaining CPI baskets rose to 3.0%. However, core inflation (the average of median and trimmed measures) fell to 2.6% from last month's 2.8%, a positive sign that inflation is moderating.
The latest inflation report underscores the Bank of Canada's estimate that inflation will likely remain within target (or near target), despite risks and economic instability.
Economic drag from trade disruptions and a soft economy should offset other price pressures, which may allow the BoC to leave its policy rate unchanged as the Fall 2025 rate cuts work through the economy.
At the very least, this report eases the pressure of introducing a rate hike, for now.
Is Canada's labour market weakening in late 2025?
December 2025's labour market numbers moved more in line with economists' expectations — a 'better grasp on reality' according to one expert — with a rise in the unemployment rate from 6.5% to 6.8% (0.1% above expectations), creeping up closer to the 7.1% high seen this past summer.
The rise in the number of people seeking work compared to last month wasn't due to an increase in layoffs, which remained in line with past periods. Instead, the labour slack is likely due to businesses remaining in 'wait' mode for both hiring and investment.
Fewer jobs were created, just 8,200 compared to November's 54,000 surprise addition, though with more full-time positions logged, a shift from a part-time focus recorded over the past few months.
So far, however, the second half of 2025 appears to have shown some resilience against the trade turmoil. According to the National Bank, the 180K cumulative jobs added from September to November 2025 is 'a sequence in the Canadian job market only seen in 2002.' Trade-impacted sectors, such as steel, aluminum, lumber and autos, which are very important to Canada's economy, are being hit hardest by layoffs, with the spread to other sectors less pronounced.
Lowered immigration targets — which could bring population growth to near zero in 2026 and 2027 — may result in the appearance of 'improving' labour numbers going into the new year.
Uncertainty will persist until a new U.S. trade agreement is announced (or the old CUSMA is left mostly intact). But the Bank of Canada won't lower or raise its policy rate as the labour market volatility continues.
How is Canada's economic growth being affected by trade disruption in late 2025?
Here's how GDP in 2025 has shaped up so far, and it reflects the rollercoaster ride we all feel:
- Q1 2025 saw an unexpected real GDP gain of 0.4% (annualized growth of 1.6%), matching the increase in Q4 2024, likely due to consumers and businesses trying to get ahead of the U.S. trade war.
- Q2 2025 was a recessionary quarter: a 0.2% contraction in real GDP and -1.6% annualized growth, a significant decline from the growth pace recorded in Q1.
- Q3 2025 unexpectedly grew to an annualized pace of 2.6% (0.5% real GDP growth), though substantially buoyed by outsized government military spending coinciding with a substantial drop in imports (usually subtracted from exports when calculating Gross Domestic Product)
- Q4 2025 may show another contraction.
Update December 2, 2025: Statistics Canada recently revised its GDP data for 2022 to 2024, saying that the economy expanded 1.7% more than thought for those three years.
Is the threat of a recession reappearing?
Possibly — and the late-2025 data shows how quickly Canada’s economic outlook can turn. From a more hearty annualized growth pace of 2.6% in Q3 2025 (0.5% real GDP growth, following the 0.3% decline in Q2), the economy now appears headed for a Q4 slowdown — potentially into negative territory.
The heartier growth in Q3 was not broadly driven by consumer momentum. It was largely the result of a sudden spike in government military spending combined with a tangible drop in imports (which are usually subtracted from exports when calculating GDP, aka gross domestic product).
Meanwhile, household consumption — one of the clearest signals of economic heat — fell by 0.4%, its weakest reading since the pandemic.
Now, the Q4 2025 GDP projections have shifted the tone back to sullen. So far, Q4 is on track for -0.5% annualized growth, with October GDP falling by 0.3%, November coming in flat (missing expectations for modest growth of 0.1%), and December is tracking near 0.1% (if that holds).
Even if the year stays in positive territory overall (the Bank of Canada has projected economic growth of 1.3% for 2025), a negative Q4 indicates the economy is sliding rather than expanding into 2026. One weak quarter isn’t a recession (two quarters in a row is a technical one), but it is a warning.
With trade disruption dragging some key sectors, how much would it take for another quarter of contraction to appear? And yet, efforts to knock down interprovincial trade barriers may offer a pathway to sustained GDP growth, potentially bringing real GDP growth to 7.0%, according to the International Monetary Fund. That seems pretty optimistic, but if it works, who are we to complain?
Regardless, last year's GDP readings reinforce the Bank of Canada's caution and projections that it will hold its rate for a time, as it seeks concrete and sustained indications of weakening before making another rate cut in 2026.
How is economic volatility affecting Canada's housing market in late 2025?
National housing sales and home price averages declined again in December 2025, with year-over-year sales down by 2.7% and the MLS®HPI composite benchmark price by 4.0% (not seasonally adjusted). In 2025, the composite benchmark price declined by 2.7% compared to 2024.
Many buyers and sellers remained on the sidelines during a turbulent economic and political year. Some are expected to come off the sidelines, perhaps out of necessity or simply because more deals are available in markets that are usually higher-priced, such as those in Greater Toronto and Greater Vancouver. Others may be buying before demand picks up in lower-priced, higher-value markets, such as those in Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
With mortgage rate levels considered non-restrictive (having declined significantly over the past two years), housing analysts expect a more robust Spring 2026 buying season than last year. However, ongoing economic and trade uncertainty, along with moderate inflation, may weigh on households and continue to inhibit markets until a more sustained recovery builds in 2027.
Read more here: Housing Market Forecast (2025-2029)
How is the U.S. economy influencing Canada's interest rate outlook?
Like it or not, our countries' economies are closely linked.
With a Trump presidency, here are some current concerns:
- Geopolitical developments due to recent U.S. maneuvers and demands could damage the global economy.
- U.S. data sources, under political pressure, are giving some economists reason for concern about whether they're offering an unbiased read on the U.S. economy.
- U.S. trade policies are causing supply and demand shocks, leading to price hikes that are slowly being passed on to consumers in both countries.
- Trade disruptions and higher U.S. tariffs on certain Canadian imports are injecting significant uncertainty for Canadian companies and consumers, interrupting planning, hiring, investment, and spending decisions.
- Immigration issues between the two countries may further diminish our labour productivity.
- The interest rate differential between the two central banks is 2.0%, which is pressuring input prices.
- Proposed U.S. taxes (section 899 of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act) on Canadian investments and companies could have a significant impact on our economy.
- Markets are nervous about the decline of the U.S. dollar, which "can also make investing in Canada less attractive if (the Canadian dollar) is less undervalued.” (Financial Post, Jan. 29, 2026)
- U.S. government debt is ballooning — current U.S. debt interest payments exceed the defence budget — and tariff revenue is $100B less than expected so far.